English Language Writing Skills

By Danso Kwasi Nti Samuel (DAS). Study the complete course source, examine every model and practise alongside Professor Jarvis.

Course printed page 26 PDF page 32 of 505

For tables, matching columns, IPA and original formatting, open the course PDF above.

PRODUCING CONSONANT SOUNDS IN CONTEXT (FRICATIVES)

Fricatives are consonant sounds produced by forcing air through a narrow gap, causing

friction. English has several fricatives, such as /f/, /v/, /θ/, /ð/, /s/, /z/, /ʃ/, and /ʒ/.

1. Listen to and Identify Fricatives in Context (e.g., /f/, /v/, /θ/, /ð/):

/f/ is a voiceless fricative produced by forcing air through a narrow gap between the upper

teeth and lower lip.

 Examples: fish, fan, cuff

/v/ is a voiced fricative produced in a similar manner to /f/ but with vocal cord vibration.

 Examples: van, vest, love

/θ/ is a voiceless fricative produced by forcing air between the tongue and upper teeth.

Examples: think, bath, earth

/ð/ is a voiced fricative produced similarly to /θ/ but with vocal cord vibration.

 Examples: this, that, father

2. Distinguish Between Voiced and Voiceless Fricatives in Context

(e.g., /f/ and /v/)

Voiced fricatives involve vocal cord vibration during the production of the sound.

 /v/ is voiced, produced with the lower lip and upper teeth.

 Examples: van, vase, live

Voiceless fricatives do not involve vocal cord vibration during the production of the sound.

/f/ is voiceless, produced with the lower lip and upper teeth.

 Examples: fan, fit, half