Diploma in Business Administration
A complete six-subject programme: Marketing, Business Finance and Human Resource Management, expanded with Economics, Business Mathematics and Entrepreneurship. WAEC's formal Diploma in Business Administration route requires the three compulsory subjects plus two optional subjects; this enhanced DAS programme teaches all three of the requested electives so a learner may study all six. Every unit has a compulsory mastery checkpoint, every module has an examination, and each subject has a final examination.
Course Progress
0 of 74 lessons completed • 0/24 module exams passed • 0/6 finals passed.
Marketing Module 1 • Foundations, Markets and Research
Marketing foundations, the business environment and evidence-based market decisions.
Marketing 1: Overview of Marketing
Meaning, scope and importance of marketing; marketing concepts and orientations; segmentation, targeting and positioning; structure and key positions of a marketing department.…
Marketing 2: Marketing Environment
Internal, micro/meso and macro marketing environments; STEEPLE factors; stakeholders; environmental scanning and SWOT analysis using realistic Ghanaian business cases.
Marketing 3: Marketing Information System and Marketing Research
Marketing information systems, research purpose and process, desk and field research, primary and secondary data, data-collection methods, questionnaires and preparation of a…
Module 1 Examination
Comprehensive examination covering every lesson in this module. Pass mark: 55% (Grade E).
Marketing Module 2 • Product and Pricing Strategy
Product, service, portfolio and pricing decisions.
Marketing 4: Product and Service Management
Products versus services, product mix and product lines, new-product development, product life cycle, extension strategies, 5Ms, Ansoff Growth Matrix and BCG portfolio…
Marketing 5: Pricing
Pricing objectives, value-based, cost-plus, competition-based and discriminatory pricing, plus skimming, penetration, loss-leader, price-lining, differential and product-mix pricing strategies.
Module 2 Examination
Comprehensive examination covering every lesson in this module. Pass mark: 55% (Grade E).
Marketing Module 3 • Distribution, Promotion and Sales
Distribution channels, integrated communications and professional sales management.
Marketing 6: Distribution and Supply Chain
Channels of distribution, roles of intermediaries, intensive/selective/extensive strategies, order processing, transportation, warehousing, packaging, inventory control, materials handling and logistics communication.
Marketing 7: Integrated Marketing Communications
Advertising, sales promotion, personal selling, publicity/public relations, events, digital marketing and packaging; communications budgeting; sponsorship letters and simple promotional advertisements.
Marketing 8: Sales Management
Meaning and importance of sales management, distinction between selling and sales management, responsibilities of the sales manager, sales organisation and performance control.
Module 3 Examination
Comprehensive examination covering every lesson in this module. Pass mark: 55% (Grade E).
Marketing Module 4 • Digital and International Marketing
Direct/digital marketing and entry into international markets.
Marketing 9: Direct Marketing and E-Marketing
Direct marketing, e-marketing, customer databases, digital channels, relationship building, privacy and practical barriers to internet adoption in marketing organisations.
Marketing 10: International Marketing
Meaning of international marketing, globalisation and multinational firms, reasons for international expansion, entry modes such as exporting, licensing, franchising, joint ventures and…
Module 4 Examination
Comprehensive examination covering every lesson in this module. Pass mark: 55% (Grade E).
Marketing • WAEC ABCE • Final Examination
Unlocked after all lessons and all module examinations in this pathway are completed. Pass mark: 55% (Grade E).
Business Finance Module 1 • Foundations and Organisations
Financial-management foundations and financial objectives of business organisations.
Business Finance 1: Nature and Scope of Finance
Meaning and scope of finance, business finance versus public finance, objectives of financial management, finance functions and the major investment, financing and…
Business Finance 2: Business Organisations and Financial Objectives
Forms of business organisation, ownership and control, objectives, financial implications, sources of finance and the relationship between risk, return, liquidity and profitability.
Module 5 Examination
Comprehensive examination covering every lesson in this module. Pass mark: 55% (Grade E).
Business Finance Module 2 • Planning and the Financial System
Financial planning, analysis and the institutional financial system.
Business Finance 3: Financial Planning and Control
Financial planning, forecasting, cash budgets, break-even analysis, interpretation of financial ratios and the use of financial information in planning and control.
Business Finance 4: The Financial System
Structure of the financial system; central and commercial banking; specialised and rural banks; non-bank financial intermediaries; money and capital markets; securities and…
Module 6 Examination
Comprehensive examination covering every lesson in this module. Pass mark: 55% (Grade E).
Business Finance Module 3 • Financing and Investment Decisions
Sources of finance and capital-investment appraisal.
Business Finance 5: Sources of Business Finance
Short-, medium- and long-term financing; retained earnings, shares, debentures, loans, leasing, hire purchase and trade credit; evaluation of cost, risk, control and…
Business Finance 6: Capital Budgeting and Time Value of Money
Time value of money, present and future values, cost of capital and investment appraisal using payback, accounting rate of return, net present…
Module 7 Examination
Comprehensive examination covering every lesson in this module. Pass mark: 55% (Grade E).
Business Finance Module 4 • Working Capital and Public Finance
Liquidity, working capital and public financial management.
Business Finance 7: Working Capital Management
Working-capital policy, cash operating cycle, liquidity, cash management, receivables, inventory, trade credit and practical decisions that balance profitability and solvency.
Business Finance 8: Public Financial Management
Government revenue and expenditure, budgets, deficits, public borrowing and debt management, fiscal and monetary policy, and the roles of public financial institutions…
Module 8 Examination
Comprehensive examination covering every lesson in this module. Pass mark: 55% (Grade E).
Business Finance • WAEC ABCE • Final Examination
Unlocked after all lessons and all module examinations in this pathway are completed. Pass mark: 55% (Grade E).
HRM Module 1 • Foundations and Employment
Foundations of HRM and the full employment process.
Human Resource Management 1: Nature, Evolution and Scope
Meaning, importance and evolution of human resource management; welfare, industrial relations and personnel-management eras; HRM versus personnel management; strategic roles and functions…
Human Resource Management 2: Employment Process
Human-resource planning, job analysis, job descriptions and specifications, recruitment, selection, interviews, placement, induction, transfers, promotion, separation and ethical employment practice.
Module 9 Examination
Comprehensive examination covering every lesson in this module. Pass mark: 55% (Grade E).
HRM Module 2 • Development, Reward and Motivation
Developing people, rewarding contribution and motivating performance.
Human Resource Management 3: Training and Development
Training needs analysis, orientation, on-the-job and off-the-job methods, management development, career planning, succession planning and evaluation of learning and development programmes.
Human Resource Management 4: Reward Management
Principles and objectives of compensation, wage and salary administration, job evaluation, incentives, benefits, pensions and the design of fair and motivating reward…
Human Resource Management 5: Motivation
Major motivation theories and their managerial applications; intrinsic and extrinsic motivation; job design, recognition, participation and practical motivation problems in organisations.
Module 10 Examination
Comprehensive examination covering every lesson in this module. Pass mark: 55% (Grade E).
HRM Module 3 • Performance, Communication and Industrial Relations
Managing performance, communication and employee relations.
Human Resource Management 6: Performance Management
Performance standards, appraisal methods, feedback, coaching, performance improvement, common rating errors and the link between appraisal, development and organisational goals.
Human Resource Management 7: Organisational Communication
Communication process, channels and networks, barriers, listening and feedback, formal and informal communication, digital workplace communication and strategies for improving communication effectiveness.
Human Resource Management 8: Industrial Relations
Trade unions, employer associations, collective bargaining, grievances, discipline, industrial disputes, negotiation, mediation and other approaches to maintaining sound labour-management relations.
Module 11 Examination
Comprehensive examination covering every lesson in this module. Pass mark: 55% (Grade E).
HRM Module 4 • Safety, Law and HR Information Systems
Safe, lawful and digitally supported human-resource management.
Human Resource Management 9: Health and Safety
Occupational health and safety, workplace hazards, accident prevention, employee welfare, risk controls, employer and employee responsibilities and development of a safe work…
Human Resource Management 10: Employment Law
Core principles of employment legislation, contracts of employment, rights and obligations, fair treatment, termination, labour standards and the application of Ghanaian labour-law…
Human Resource Management 11: Human Resource Information Systems
Purpose, components and uses of HR information systems; digital employee records, payroll and attendance data, recruitment and performance data, reporting, privacy and…
Module 12 Examination
Comprehensive examination covering every lesson in this module. Pass mark: 55% (Grade E).
Human Resource Management • WAEC ABCE • Final Examination
Unlocked after all lessons and all module examinations in this pathway are completed. Pass mark: 55% (Grade E).
Economics Module 1 • Consumer and Market Analysis
Core microeconomic principles: scarcity, consumer choice, demand, supply and elasticity.
Economics 1: Meaning, Scope, Methodology and Principles
Scarcity, choice, opportunity cost, production possibility curves, tools of economic analysis, positive and normative analysis and economic systems, with business and Ghanaian…
Economics 2: Theory of Consumer Behaviour
Utility, total and marginal utility, diminishing marginal utility, consumer equilibrium, consumer surplus, indifference curves, budget lines, income and substitution effects, and normal,…
Economics 3: Demand and Supply
Effective demand and supply, schedules, curves and functions, determinants and shifts, equilibrium price and quantity using graphs and algebra, taxes, subsidies, price…
Economics 4: Elasticity of Demand and Supply
Price, income and cross elasticity of demand and price elasticity of supply; calculations, determinants, revenue implications, tax incidence and business relevance.
Module 13 Examination
Comprehensive examination covering every lesson in this module. Pass mark: 55% (Grade E).
Economics Module 2 • Production, Markets and National Income
Production, costs, revenue, market structures and national-income analysis.
Economics 5: Theories of Production and Cost
Factors of production, short and long run, total/average/marginal product, diminishing returns, fixed and variable costs, economies and diseconomies of scale and production…
Economics 6: Revenue, Profit and Market Structures
Total, average and marginal revenue; profit; equilibrium of the firm; perfect competition, monopoly, monopolistic competition and oligopoly; price discrimination and welfare implications.
Economics 7: National Income and Product
Concepts and measurement of national income and product, circular flow, consumption, saving, investment, multiplier, nominal and real values, limitations and interpretation of…
Module 14 Examination
Comprehensive examination covering every lesson in this module. Pass mark: 55% (Grade E).
Economics Module 3 • Money, Public Finance, Labour and International Economics
Macroeconomic and external-sector foundations required for ABCE Economics.
Economics 8: Money, Banking and Finance
Functions and forms of money, money supply and demand, commercial and central banking, credit creation, monetary policy, inflation and the structure of…
Economics 9: Public Finance
Government revenue and expenditure, principles and incidence of taxation, public debt, budgets, fiscal policy, public goods and evaluation of public-finance choices.
Economics 10: Population, Labour, Employment and Unemployment
Population concepts, labour force, wage determination, labour mobility and productivity, unemployment and underemployment, causes and effects, and policies for employment creation.
Economics 11: International Trade, Payments and Finance
Absolute and comparative advantage, terms of trade, protection and free trade, balance of payments, exchange rates, foreign-exchange markets and international financial relationships.
Module 15 Examination
Comprehensive examination covering every lesson in this module. Pass mark: 55% (Grade E).
Economics Module 4 • Applied Economics: Ghana and West Africa
Applied growth, finance, public policy, trade, industrialisation and contemporary economic issues.
Economics 12: Economic Growth and Development
Growth versus development, indicators of development, poverty and inequality, human capital, sustainable development, structural transformation and constraints on developing economies.
Economics 13: Natural Resources, National Income and Product in West Africa
Natural-resource endowments, agriculture, extractives and services; national output and income in West African economies; resource use, productivity, diversification and development implications.
Economics 14: Money, Banking and Finance in West Africa
Financial institutions and markets in West Africa, central banking, commercial banking, monetary policy, access to finance and the role of finance in…
Economics 15: Public Finance in West Africa
Tax systems, government expenditure, public budgets, fiscal deficits, public borrowing and debt, fiscal policy and public-sector financial challenges in West African economies.
Economics 16: Internal and External Trade and Payments
Domestic distribution and trade, exports and imports, commodity trade, balance of payments, exchange-rate issues, trade policy and practical external-sector problems in West…
Economics 17: Role of Government in the Economy
Government intervention, regulation, public enterprises, market failure, redistribution, stabilisation, development planning and evaluation of public policy choices.
Economics 18: Industrialisation and Regional Economic Integration
Industrialisation strategies, location and growth of industry, structural transformation, regional integration, ECOWAS, trade creation/diversion and opportunities and constraints of regional markets.
Economics 19: Contemporary Economic Issues
Application of economics to current business and development issues such as inflation, unemployment, exchange-rate pressures, debt, digitalisation, climate and energy challenges, using…
Module 16 Examination
Comprehensive examination covering every lesson in this module. Pass mark: 55% (Grade E).
Economics • WAEC ABCE • Final Examination
Unlocked after all lessons and all module examinations in this pathway are completed. Pass mark: 55% (Grade E).
Business Mathematics Module 1 • Sets, Numbers and Algebra
Mathematical foundations for business computation and problem solving.
Business Mathematics 1: Elementary Set Theory
Set notation, types and properties of sets, subsets, equality, disjoint sets, union, intersection and complement, with two- and three-set Venn-diagram applications to…
Business Mathematics 2: Fundamental Processes
Number systems, arithmetic operations, precedence, number bases and conversion, approximation and significant figures, binary operations, surds and rationalisation with strong computational accuracy.
Business Mathematics 3: Basic Algebraic Processes
Variables and constants, evaluation of expressions, linear equations from business word problems, simultaneous equations and factorisation of algebraic expressions.
Module 17 Examination
Comprehensive examination covering every lesson in this module. Pass mark: 55% (Grade E).
Business Mathematics Module 2 • Functions and Commercial Mathematics
Graphs, algebraic models, indices, logarithms, percentages and commercial arithmetic.
Business Mathematics 4: Functions and Their Graphs
Polynomials, linear and quadratic graphs, intercepts and gradients, simultaneous linear/quadratic equations, quadratic equations, break-even analysis, inequalities, linear programming and interpretation of business…
Business Mathematics 5: Indices and Logarithms
Laws of indices and logarithms, exponential equations, compound growth and depreciation, and linearisation of power functions for interpretation and graphing.
Business Mathematics 6: Percentages and Commercial Arithmetic
Fractions, decimals and percentages applied to discount, profit and loss, mark-up and margin, simple and compound interest, loans, hire purchase, depreciation, wages,…
Business Mathematics 7: Ratios and Proportions
Ratios involving two or more quantities, contributed capital and profit sharing, bankruptcy, insurance premiums and indemnity, and direct and inverse proportion in…
Module 18 Examination
Comprehensive examination covering every lesson in this module. Pass mark: 55% (Grade E).
Business Mathematics Module 3 • Measurement, Variation and Matrices
Conversions, mensuration, variation and matrix methods for business problems.
Business Mathematics 8: Conversions
Metric and imperial conversions, currency conversion and multi-stage exchange-rate comparisons with careful units and rounding.
Business Mathematics 9: Mensuration
Pythagoras theorem and business-relevant measurement of surface areas and volumes of prisms, cuboids, pyramids, cylinders, cones and spheres.
Business Mathematics 10: Variation
Direct, inverse, joint and partial variation, formation of variation equations and application to costs, production, wages and other commercial relationships.
Business Mathematics 11: Matrices
Matrix notation and structure, equal, identity and zero matrices, addition, subtraction and multiplication, determinants and inverse of 2x2 matrices, and simultaneous equations…
Module 19 Examination
Comprehensive examination covering every lesson in this module. Pass mark: 55% (Grade E).
Business Mathematics Module 4 • Statistics, Probability and Calculus
Quantitative analysis, uncertainty and elementary optimisation.
Business Mathematics 12: Statistics
Types and collection of data, bar charts, histograms and pie charts, cumulative frequency, median/quartiles/deciles/percentiles, mode, mean, variance and standard deviation, Laspeyres and…
Business Mathematics 13: Probability
Equally likely, mutually exclusive and independent events; simple probability; addition and multiplication rules; interpretation of probability in commercial decisions.
Business Mathematics 14: Basic Calculus
Meaning of derivative and integral, differentiation and integration of simple algebraic functions, gradients, rates of change, maxima and minima, definite integrals and…
Module 20 Examination
Comprehensive examination covering every lesson in this module. Pass mark: 55% (Grade E).
Business Mathematics • WAEC ABCE • Final Examination
Unlocked after all lessons and all module examinations in this pathway are completed. Pass mark: 55% (Grade E).
Entrepreneurship Module 1 • Foundations, Process and Growth Strategy
Entrepreneurial mindsets, venture process and strategic growth tools.
Entrepreneurship 1: Introduction to Entrepreneurship
Concept and historical perspectives of entrepreneurship, entrepreneurial roles and rewards, traits and competencies, types of entrepreneurs such as social, serial, portfolio, lifestyle…
Entrepreneurship 2: The Entrepreneurial Process
Opportunity recognition, idea generation and screening, feasibility analysis, resource mobilisation, venture design, implementation, production, marketing, financial management, monitoring, evaluation, control and harvesting/growth.
Entrepreneurship 3: Strategic Tools for Growth
Use SWOT, Ansoff Growth Matrix and BCG Matrix to analyse a venture, choose growth directions, assess portfolios and formulate realistic strategic options.
Module 21 Examination
Comprehensive examination covering every lesson in this module. Pass mark: 55% (Grade E).
Entrepreneurship Module 2 • Small Business, Life Cycle and Innovation
Small-business administration, venture structures and creativity.
Entrepreneurship 4: Small Business Administration
Meaning and characteristics of small businesses, importance to the economy, start-up and operating challenges, management functions, record keeping, customer service, controls and…
Entrepreneurship 5: Business Structure and Business Life Cycle
Forms of ownership, legal and managerial implications, start-up, growth, maturity, renewal and decline, succession and exit issues, and selection of an appropriate…
Entrepreneurship 6: Creativity and Innovation
Creativity, innovation, idea-generation techniques, problem solving, product/service innovation, design thinking, intellectual property awareness and building an innovative entrepreneurial culture.
Module 22 Examination
Comprehensive examination covering every lesson in this module. Pass mark: 55% (Grade E).
Entrepreneurship Module 3 • Environment, Finance and Business Planning
Venture environment, budgeting/finance and a complete business plan.
Entrepreneurship 7: Business Environment of the Entrepreneur
Internal and external business environments, economic, social, technological, political, legal and environmental forces, stakeholder analysis, risk and opportunity identification in Ghana.
Entrepreneurship 8: Budgeting and Finance
Start-up and operating budgets, cash-flow planning, break-even reasoning, sources of entrepreneurial finance, working capital, financial controls and funding choices for small and…
Entrepreneurship 9: Business Plan Development and Writing
Purpose, audience and components of a business plan; executive summary, venture description, market analysis, marketing plan, operations, management, financial projections, risks, implementation…
Module 23 Examination
Comprehensive examination covering every lesson in this module. Pass mark: 55% (Grade E).
Entrepreneurship Module 4 • Communication, Digital Systems and Registration
Communication, information systems and formal business registration/compliance.
Entrepreneurship 10: Communication for Entrepreneurs
Oral, written and digital business communication, negotiation, networking, customer communication, pitching, presentation skills, business correspondence and stakeholder relationship management.
Entrepreneurship 11: Information Systems for Entrepreneurs
Business information needs, simple management information systems, digital tools, e-commerce, customer and financial data, cyber and privacy awareness, and using information for…
Entrepreneurship 12: Procedures for Registering and Operating a Business
Practical steps for selecting and registering a business form, licences and permits, tax and regulatory obligations, basic compliance records and ethical/legal responsibilities…
Module 24 Examination
Comprehensive examination covering every lesson in this module. Pass mark: 55% (Grade E).
Entrepreneurship • WAEC ABCE • Final Examination
Unlocked after all lessons and all module examinations in this pathway are completed. Pass mark: 55% (Grade E).